1997年8月托福考試閱讀理解全真考題

　　1997年8月托福考試閱讀理解全真試題>

　　Question 1-10In the 1600 s when the Spanish moved into what later

　　was to become the southwestern United States， they encoun-

　　tered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo， Hopi， and Zuni

　　peoples. These ancestors， known variously as the Basket

　　Makers， the Anasazi， or the Ancient Ones， had lived in the

　　area for at least 2，000 years. They were an advanced agricultural

　　people who used irrigation to help grow their crops. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and

　　wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were

　　entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D.， the

　　Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them

　　together into rambling multistoried complexes， which the

　　Spanish called pueblos or villages. Separate subterranean rooms

　　in these pueblos---known as kivas or chapels---were set aside

　　for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole

　　that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos

　　had five stories and more than 800 rooms. The Anasazi family was matrilineal， that is， descent was

　　traced through the female. The sacred objects of the family

　　were under the control of the oldest female， but the actual

　　ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned

　　the rooms in the pueblo and the crops， once they were harvested.

　　While still growing， crops belonged to the man who，

　　in contrast to most other Native American groups， planted

　　them. The women made baskets and pottery， the men wove

　　textile and crafted turquoise jewelry. Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with

　　land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men

　　in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with

　　neighboring villages and directed the men in community building

　　projects. The cohesive political and social organization of

　　the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to

　　conquer them. 1. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way they stored their crops

　　fertilized their fields.

　　watered their crops.

　　planted their fields. 2.The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way they stored their crops

　　fertilized their fields

　　watered their crops

　　planted their fields 3.The word "pits" in line 9 is closest in meaning to stages

　　scars

　　seeds

　　holes. 4.The word "stories" in line 17 is closest in meaning to articles

　　tales

　　levels

　　rumors 5.Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi family? A twenty-year-old man

　　A twenty-year-old woman

　　A forty-year-old man

　　A forty-year-old woman 6.The word "they" in line 22 refers to women

　　crops

　　rooms

　　pueblos 7.The word "disputes" in line 28 is closest in meaning to discussions

　　arguments

　　developments

　　purchases 8.Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men? Making baskets

　　Planting crops

　　Building homes

　　Crafting jewelry. 9.According to the passage， what made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer the Anasazi? The political and social organization of the Anasazi

　　The military tactics employed by the Anasazi

　　The Anasazi s agricultural technology.

　　The natural barriers surrounding Anasazi willages. 10.The passage supports which of the following generalizations? The presence of the Spanish threatened Anasazi society.

　　The Anasazi benefited from trading relations with the Spanish.

　　Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.

　　Conflicts between neighboring Anasazi villages were easily resolved. Question 10-20Barbed wire， first patented in the United States in 1867，

　　played an important part in the development of American

　　farming， as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to

　　enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This

　　had a considerable effect on cattle ranching， since the herds no

　　longer had unrestricted use of the plans for grazing， and the

　　fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle

　　ranchers. Before barbed wire came into general use， fencing was often

　　made from serrated wire， which was unsatisfactory because

　　it broke easily when under strain， and could snap in cold

　　weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for

　　producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois

　　farmer， and between then and the end of the century about

　　400 types of barbed wire were devised， of which only about a

　　dozen were ever put to practical use. Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile

　　steel， or aluminum. Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire

　　have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is

　　stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature

　　changes. Single-strand wire， round or oval， is made from

　　high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on . The

　　steel wires used are galvanized - coated with zinc to make

　　them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or

　　cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave

　　it at the other end twisted-together and barbed. The wire to

　　make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut

　　to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to

　　produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically，

　　and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels， usually made

　　of wire in length of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50

　　kilograms. A variation of barbed wire is also used for military

　　purposes. It is formed into long coils or entanglements called

　　concertina wire. 11.What is the main topic of the passage? Cattle ranching in the United States.

　　A type of fencing

　　Industrial uses of wire

　　A controversy over land use. 12.The word "unrestricted" in line 5 is closest in meaning to unsatisfactory

　　difficult

　　considerable

　　unlimited 13.The word "snap" in line 10 could best be replaced by which of the following? freeze

　　click

　　loosen

　　break 14.What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire? Improved rust-resistance

　　Increased strength

　　More rapid attachment of barbs

　　Easier installation. 15.According to the author， the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to

　　protect them against rust

　　make them more flexible

　　prevent contraction in cold weather

　　straighten them. 16.The word "fed" in line 24 is closest in meaning to put

　　eaten

　　bitten

　　nourished 17.The knives referred to in line 27 are used to separate double-stranded wire

　　prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly

　　twist the wire

　　cut the wire that becomes barbs 18.What is the author s purpose in the third paragraph? To explain the importance of the wire.

　　To outline the difficulty of making the wire

　　To describe how the wire is made

　　To suggest several different uses of the wire. 19.According to the passage， concertina wire is used for livestock management

　　international communications

　　prison enclosures

　　military purposes. 20.Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage? （圖）

　　（圖）

　　（圖）

　　（圖） Question 21-29Under certain circumstance the human body must cope

　　with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure. For

　　example， gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made

　　with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers

　　to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure

　　exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every

　　10 meters of depth in seawater， so that at 30 meters in seawater

　　a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres.

　　The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the

　　external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very

　　difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a

　　scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual

　　pressure. Nitrogen which composes 80 percent of the air we

　　breathe usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this

　　pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres nitrogen causes symp-

　　toms resembling alcohol intoxication known as nitrogen narcosis.

　　Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect

　　on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the

　　blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted

　　for nitrogen， because under these pressures helium does not

　　exert a similar narcotic effect. As a scuba diver descends， the pressure of nitrogen in the

　　lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the

　　blood and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs

　　when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs

　　falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood

　　and from the blood into the lungs. If the return to the surface

　　is too rapid， nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse

　　out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed . They can

　　cause severe pains， particularly around the joints. Another complication may result if the breath is held dur-

　　ing ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters， the

　　volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at

　　the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This

　　change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rup-

　　ture. This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this

　　event， a diver must ascent slowly， never at a rate exceeding

　　the rise of the exhaled air bubbles， and must exhale during

　　ascent. 21.What does the passage mainly discuss? The equipment divers use

　　The effects of pressure on gases in the human body

　　How to prepare for a deep dive

　　The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. 22.The word "exposed to" in line 8 are closest in meaning to leaving behind

　　prepared for

　　propelled by

　　subjected to 23.The word "exert" in line 21 is closest in meaning to cause

　　permit

　　need

　　change 24.The word "diffuses" in line 23 is closest in meaning to yields

　　starts

　　surfaces

　　travels 25.What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly. It forms bubbles

　　It goes directly to the brain

　　It is reabsorbed by the lungs.

　　It has a narcotic effect. 26.The word "They" in line 29 refers to joints

　　pains

　　bubbles

　　tissues. 27.The word "rupture" in line 36 is closest in meaning to hurt

　　shrink

　　burst

　　stop 28.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to a diver? Pressurized helium

　　Nitrogen diffusion

　　Nitrogen bubbles

　　An air embolism 29.What should a diver do when ascending? Rise slowly

　　Breathe faster

　　Relax completely

　　Breathe helium. Question 29-38 Each advance in microscopic technique has provided

　　scientists with new perspectives on the function of living

　　organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the

　　visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a

　　previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals.

　　In the twentieth century， electron microscopes have provided

　　direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now

　　another type of microscope， one that utilize x-rays rather than

　　light or electrons， offers a different way of examining tiny

　　details， it should extend human perception still farther into the

　　natural world. The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to

　　1895， its development， however， was virtually halted in the

　　1940 s because the development of the electron microscope

　　was progressing rapidly. During the 1940 s electron micro-

　　scopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible

　　with a visible-light microscope， while the performance of x-ray

　　microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years， however，

　　interest in x-ray microscopes has revived， largely because of

　　advances such as the development of new sources of x-ray

　　illumination. As a result， the brightness available today is

　　millions of times that of x-ray tubes， which， for most of the

　　century， were the only available sources of soft x-rays. The new x-ray microscopes considerably improve on the

　　resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be

　　used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements.

　　Some can form pictures in extremely short times， others hold

　　the promise of special capabilities such as three dimensional

　　imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy， x-ray

　　microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water，

　　which means that biological samples can be studied under

　　conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used，

　　so-called soft x-rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty

　　angstroms ， is

　　also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in

　　many cases. Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used，

　　soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution

　　possible with electron microscopes. Rather， their special pro-

　　perties will make possible investigations that will complement

　　those performed with light- and electron-based instruments. 30.What does the passage mainly discuss? The detail seen through a microscope

　　Sources of illumination for microscopes

　　A new kind of microscope

　　Outdated microscopic technique 31.According to the passage， the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to see viruses directly

　　develop the electron microscope later on

　　understand more about the distribution of the chemical elements

　　discover single celled plants and animals they had never seen before. 32.The word "minuscule" in line 7 is closest in meaning to circular

　　dangerous

　　complex

　　tiny 33.The word "it" in line 10 refers to a type of microscope

　　human perception

　　the natural world

　　light 34.Why does the another mention me visible light microscope in the first paragraph? To begin a discussion of sixteenth century discoveries.

　　To put the x-ray microscope in historical perspective

　　To show how limited its uses are

　　To explain how it functioned 35.Why did it take so long to develop the x-ray microscope? Funds for research were insufficient.

　　The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.

　　Materials used to manufacture x-ray tubes were difficult to obtain

　　X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate. 36.The word "enables" in line 30 is closest in meaning to constitutes

　　specifies

　　expands

　　allows 37.The word "Rather" in line 38 is closest in meaning to significantly

　　preferably

　　somewhat

　　instead 38.The word "those" in line 40 refers to properties

　　investigations

　　microscopes

　　x-rays 39.Based on the information in the passage， what can be inferred about x-ray microscopes in the future? They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether.

　　They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are now.

　　They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.

　　They will eventually change the illumination range that they now use. Question 40-50 Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its

　　freshness， its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers

　　original ideas. Instead it presents the familiar in a new form.

　　Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they

　　do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes

　　these conditions seem foolish， harmful or affected. Satire jars

　　us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that

　　many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don

　　Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd， Brave New World

　　ridicules the pretensions of science， A Modest proposal

　　dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas

　　is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes， humanists

　　objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley

　　and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the

　　originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was

　　the manner of expression the satiric method that made them

　　interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are

　　aesthetically satisfying works of art， not because they are

　　morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulat-ing and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they

　　brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous

　　irreverence， satire rearranges perspectives， scrambles

　　familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a

　　personal idiom instead of abstract platitude. Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived

　　because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus， an irreverent

　　reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking，

　　cheap moralizing， and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod

　　people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action

　　on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of

　　what they see， hear， and read in popular media is sanctimonious，

　　sentimental， and only partially true. Life resembles in

　　only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely

　　hold the ideals that movies attribute to them， nor do ordinary

　　citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.

　　Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them

　　when they do not hear them expressed. 40.What does the passage mainly discuss? Difficulties of writing satiric literature.

　　Popular topics of satire

　　New philosophies emerging from satiric literature

　　Reasons for the popularity of satire. 41.The word "realization" in line 7 is closest in meaning to certainly

　　awareness

　　surprise

　　confusion 42.Why does the author mention Don Quirote， Brave New World and A Modest Proposal in lines 8-10? They are famous examples of satiric literature

　　They present commonsense solutions to problems.

　　They are appropriate for readers of all ages.

　　They are books with similar stories. 43.The word "aesthetically" in line 18 is closest in meaning to artistically

　　exceptionally

　　realistically

　　dependably 44.Which of the following can be found in satire literature? Newly emerging philosophies

　　Odd combinations of objects and ideas

　　Abstract discussion of moral and ethnics

　　Wholesome characters who are unselfish. 45.According to the passage， there is a need for satire because people need to be informed about new scientific developments

　　exposed to original philosophies when they are formulated

　　reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate

　　told how they can be of service to their communities. 46.The word "refreshing" in line 26 is closest in meaning to popular

　　ridiculous

　　meaningful

　　unusual 47.The word "they" in line 31 refers to people

　　media

　　ideals

　　movies 48.The word "devote" in line 35 is closest in meaning to distinguish

　　feel affection

　　prefer

　　dedicate 49.As a result of reading satiric literature， readers will be most likely to teach themselves to write fiction

　　accept conventional points of view

　　become better informed about current affairs

　　reexamine their opinions and values 50.The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

　　brushing away illusions

　　reminding readers of the truth

　　exposing false values.