高考語(yǔ)法通關(guān)秘籍（五）——虛擬語(yǔ)氣
來(lái)源：本站原創(chuàng) 文章作者：呂騰飛老師 2009-04-08 11:03:59
學(xué)而思教師呂騰飛
難點(diǎn)形成原因：
1．學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程太零碎，不系統(tǒng)。
2．分不清什么時(shí)候使用，怎么使用。
3．一些固定用法記不住。
解決辦法：
虛擬語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示。由于虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)的是與事實(shí)相反的行為狀態(tài)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化不同于陳述語(yǔ)氣，這也是大家感到困惑和容易出錯(cuò)的地方。做此類(lèi)題目時(shí)，關(guān)鍵要迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)解題信息詞，確定虛擬語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)型，然后按各類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特定表達(dá)方式確定動(dòng)詞的形式。
用法講解：
虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)的話(huà)不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而僅是一種愿望、建議或者與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。
1．條件從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
|
虛擬情況 |
條件從句謂語(yǔ)形式 |
主句謂語(yǔ)形式 |
典型例句 |
|
|
與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反 |
did／were |
would do |
I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. ? ? |
|
|
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 |
had done |
would have done |
If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time. ? ? |
|
|
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 |
did／were |
would do |
We would stay at home if it should rain tomorrow. |
|
|
were to do |
||||
|
should do |
||||
|
混合虛擬 |
從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 |
had done |
would do |
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I had not fallen in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002上海) |
含蓄虛擬條件句
有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)或其他方式表示。通常的詞或短語(yǔ)有：without"如果沒(méi)有", but for "要不是", but that, otherwise, or, but等。
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2001上海春季)
But for my classmates’ help, I would not have finished the work in time. (2004三級(jí)題)
Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well. ( 2004三級(jí)題)
注意：在虛擬條件句中，若有動(dòng)詞were, should或had（+過(guò)去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個(gè)詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。如：
What would have happened, had Bob walked farther, as far as the riverbank? (2001上海)
Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. (1996三級(jí)題)
Had the weather been good, the children could have gone out for a walk. (2001三級(jí)題)
Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. (2004三級(jí)題)
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
|
動(dòng)詞 |
虛擬情況 |
賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)形式 |
典型例句 |
|
wish |
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 |
would do |
I wish I would go to the Mars one day. |
|
與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反 |
did／were |
How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden. (2002上海春季) |
|
|
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 |
had done |
Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college. (2000三級(jí)題) |
|
|
would rather |
與將來(lái)或現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 |
did ／were |
– Do you mind if I keep pets in this building? -- I’d rather you didn’t, actually. (2000上海) |
|
命令order , command 要求request, demand, insist 建議suggest, propose, recommend, advise |
should do (should可以省略) |
Who do you suggest be sent to work there? (2002上海) |
|
|
had hoped“本來(lái)想要，本來(lái)希望” |
would done |
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. |
|
注意：表命令、請(qǐng)求、建議的詞order; request, demand, insist; suggest, propose, recommend, advise其表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用should do的形式，should可以省略。但當(dāng)insist表示 “堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”, suggest表示 “暗示,表明”時(shí),不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
The general's command was that the soldiers leave their fort and carry out more important tasks. (表語(yǔ)從句, 省略should, 2002三級(jí)題)
Her suggestion that everybody sing a song was not appreciated. (同位語(yǔ)從句, 省略should, 2001三級(jí)題)
She insisted that he was wrong. 她堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他錯(cuò)了。
His pale face suggests that he is in bad health. 他面色蒼白，說(shuō)明他身體不好。
3. 特殊句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
|
句型 |
虛擬情況 |
從句謂語(yǔ)形式 |
典型例句 |
|
if only引起的感嘆句 “要是……就好了” |
與現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)事實(shí)相反的愿望 |
would do／were |
If only he were here! 要是他在這兒就好了。 |
|
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望 |
had done |
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I had followed your advice. (2003上海春季) |
|
|
It is (high/about) time sb. should do/ did…… “該是……的時(shí)候了” 注意：should不能省略 |
Let’s finish our homework in a few seconds. It’s time we played football. (04三級(jí)題) |
||
|
It is (或was) + 形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞) + that……+should + 動(dòng)詞原形…… 常用的形容詞：necessary, important,essential
常用的過(guò)去分詞: (表命令、請(qǐng)求、建議的詞) |
It is necessary that we (should) have a walk now.
It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. |
||
|
as if和as though引起的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 |
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 |
did/ were |
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. (NMET 1995) |
|
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 |
had done |
You are talking as if you had seen them. |
|
注意：
1. 以上虛擬從句中的would可根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境用could, might, should來(lái)代替。
2. 如果as if和as though后面的從句所表示的情況是真實(shí)的或很可能是真實(shí)的，則動(dòng)詞可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，在feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。試比較：
He walks as if he is drunk.
He walks as if he were drunk.
第一句表示“他已經(jīng)醉了”，第2句則表示“他沒(méi)有醉”。
典例精析：
1. They _____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. （2007山東）
A. have got B. got C. have got D. get
答案：B。考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。
解析：該題是通過(guò)虛擬語(yǔ)氣考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的。根據(jù)后半句“would have been”判斷，他們已經(jīng)去了加拿大，所以我們判斷這是與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。本句含義相當(dāng)于 “If they had not got two free tickets to Canada, they’d never have been able to afford to go.”
2. ______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. （2007 全國(guó)II）
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
答案：A。
解析：根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)“would have won”可以判斷出表示過(guò)去非真實(shí)情況。if引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句，意為“如果”。這句話(huà)的意思是：如果約翰的腿沒(méi)有受傷，他就會(huì)贏(yíng)了這次賽跑。since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或原因狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“自從……以來(lái)”或“因?yàn)?rdquo;。though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“雖然”。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。所以選A。
3. ____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北)
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
答案：B。
解析：此題是虛擬條件句的倒裝句。在虛擬條件句中，若有動(dòng)詞were, should或had（+過(guò)去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個(gè)詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。句意為：即使你被解雇了，醫(yī)療保障和其他福利也不會(huì)受到影響。
4. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005湖北)
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
答案：B。
解析：據(jù)句意可判斷這是對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬條件句，“如果我能夠計(jì)劃我想做的事情”所以用could，不用would。